Issue 412 - August 2026

This study examines clay fragments found at Çemka Höyük, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Mardin, Türkiye (tenth millennium BC). Analysis of mineral inclusions in the clay matrix indicates that these fragments may have been deliberately fired, representing an early example of ceramic technology in South-west Asia. The diversity of forms identified and their likely uses suggest, the authors argue, a formative phase in ceramic innovation during which the properties and potential applications of clay were explored by the local community and adopted and adapted within existing social and economic traditions in advance of widespread application in the seventh millennium BC.

Understanding how prehistoric human groups sustained themselves upon encountering novel island environments is crucial for modelling population movements in key world regions like Southeast Asia. Here, the authors present new radiocarbon dates and isotopic data for human and animal remains recovered from the Neolithic site of Xiying on Haitan Island, on the south-east China coast. The human remains are the earliest yet discovered on the island, their stable isotope ratios revealing a lifelong heavy reliance on marine foods despite the availability of a diversity of terrestrial resources, offering new insights into human adaptive flexibility in maritime environments.

Despite intensive study, the socioeconomic and political structuring of the Southern Caucasus Kura-Araxes cultural tradition remain poorly understood. Here, the authors explore the results of integrated geophysical survey and excavation at Artanish 9 in the Lake Sevan highlands (Armenia). They document a small, densely built site enclosed by monumental walls—an anomaly in highland Kura-Araxes settlement systems—offering new insights into sociopolitical diversity. Through examination of spatial organisation, architecture and storage facilities, Artanish 9 reveals the adaptive strategies of highland communities and the complexity of Early Bronze Age settlement systems in the Southern Caucasus.

Some of the earliest ceramics in the Americas are found in Amazonia, though localised traditions become more widespread only c. 3500 cal BP with the development of Saladoid and Pocó ceramics in the Orinoco and Amazon basins, respectively. Despite stylistic affinities, these two assemblages have not been compared in detail. Here, the authors provide this missing comparative analysis, highlighting shared forms and similarities in chaîne opératoire. These findings, they argue, indicate a shared technological origin, with the spread of Pocó-Saladoid ceramics corresponding with the movement of people and the establishment of wider interactions across Amazonia and the Antilles.

Despite a long and dynamic history of coexistence with humans, the prehistory and domestication of the common pigeon (Columba livia) are not well understood. Here, the authors re-examine a large assemblage of avian bones excavated from Late Bronze Age contexts at Hala Sultan Tekke on Cyprus, aiming to contextualise the presence of pigeons within the settlement and their relationship with contemporaneous humans. The results of zooarchaeological and stable isotope analyses, they argue, suggest that these birds may have been semi-domesticated and may have held a symbolic/ritualistic role that challenges their common perception as mere urban dwellers.

Though mortuary practices seem largely archaeologically invisible in Iron Age Britain, the visible dead were subject to diverse treatment. Here, the authors report the results of a multi-strand analysis of two Iron Age skeletons buried in a stone cairn at Loch Borralie, north-west Scotland. Manipulation of one skeleton, including the possible removal of the brain, fashioning of long bones into ‘tools’ and reassembly for burial, suggests complex mortuary processing, while the east-coast origin of both individuals and their biological ties to Orkney reveal long-distance connections, expanding our understanding of funerary practice, mobility and connectivity in Iron Age Britain.

While modern scholarship defines Etruscan Veii as a symbol of success, it interprets its later transformation into a small Roman town as a failure. Yet both written and archaeological records reveal that Veii’s Roman community invested in urban life, albeit on a smaller scale. This article argues that such developments are better understood through the lens of resilience than through binary categories of ‘success’ and ‘failure’. It invites broader reconsideration of how archaeologists apply these labels—often reflecting modern biases more than past realities—when studying historical settlements.

Archaeologists are increasingly integrating the analysis of ancient DNA into cemetery studies; however, while such efforts highlight relatedness and descent, biological kinship forms only one aspect of social organisation in human societies. Here, the authors demonstrate this using the Tamir necropolis in Mongolia (100 BC–AD 100) as a case study. Employing a pipeline that combines linear discriminant analysis, machine-learning classifiers and cultural phylogenetics, they interrogate the cultural and social dynamics that structured the cemetery, disentangling the influence of genetic relatedness, social status and cultural tradition and offering a powerful framework for the investigation of social organisation in ancient populations.

Hundreds of large stone vessels can be found dispersed across the Xieng Khouang Plateau in northern Laos. Despite nearly a century of research, their purpose remains uncertain.

Here, the authors report on the excavation of the exceptionally large Jar 1 at Site 75, which contains a collective mortuary assemblage of secondary interments. The disarticulated remains of at least 37 individuals hint at the jars’ function within a complex funerary sequence, with direct radiocarbon dating indicating a prolonged period of mortuary activity c. cal AD 890–1160, which was a time of increasing regional interaction and mobility in Southeast Asia.

While absolute dating has become the archaeological gold standard, typology can provide context beyond time frames. Here, the authors demonstrate this with the chronological assessment of iron helmets from the underwater site of Piedras de la Barbada, near Benicarló (eastern Spain). Marine concretions helped preserve fabric linings in several helmets, permitting direct radiocarbon dating of the assemblage to the late fourteenth or early fifteenth centuries AD. Typological and iconographic comparisons agree, identifying the helmets as regionally produced, light-infantry equipment that pre-dates the fifteenth-century standardisation of European plate armour systems, corresponding with a period of maritime insecurity along the Valencian coast.

The analysis of archaeological trace residues is offering expanding insights into various aspects of human (pre)history, including developments in medical knowledge. Here, the authors present results from the analysis of two medical instruments (scissors and tweezers) found in a Ming Dynasty (c. 1368–1644 CE) tomb in Jiangyin, China. While the form and composition of the instruments themselves indicate developed understandings of tool production and use, novel application of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy reveals probable traces of aconitine, likely providing direct evidence for the use of this highly toxic substance, possibly administered as a topical anaesthetic, in ancient Chinese surgery.

Much work on the archaeology of nautical mobility across the Mediterranean Sea draws on calculations of land visibility that were formulated in 1901 and that have received relatively little critical evaluation. Here, the authors trace the use of this map in archaeology, providing a critique of 2D coastal visibility analyses and presenting a new analysis to quantify coastal visibility in angular terms. The resulting multidimensional visibility datasets (available as online supplementary material) form the basis for an updated coastal visibility map for the Mediterranean Sea, offering a platform for the exploration of more nuanced questions about seafaring and navigation.

Archaeology is not a solitary discipline concerned only with digging up the past; rather, its wide potential for transdisciplinary collaboration and unique deep-time perspective provide traction for real-world current and future impact. Here, the author proposes integration of systems thinking, small-wins psychology and a more creative interdisciplinary approach as ways for archaeologists to address the existential ‘polycrisis’. Using food security as an example, this article argues that, as archaeologists, we should focus far more attention on the polycrisis than we do at present, that we can make a difference in addressing it and that we have a responsibility to try.

Methods for extracting archaeological information from large, digital databases of cultural resource management (development-led archaeology) records are frequently quantitative or aggregative. This approach can struggle to capture the details of how archaeological knowledge is produced socially. Here, the authors draw on archival science to describe ‘project biography’ as a means to understand how archaeological records—and their silences—are produced through decisions weighing the risks of development. This approach is illustrated using examples from South Africa’s digital heritage records database (SAHRIS), while also considering ethical entailments and the need to better understand the social worlds of cultural resource management.

Conservation of fragile and fragmented archaeological remains can be essential to their preservation and study. Here, the authors use the example of the approximately 75 000-year-old Shanidar Z Neanderthal to illustrate the importance of appropriate conservation from excavation to the laboratory, and of the detailed documentation of this process, for enabling anatomical and taphonomic research.

Białowieża Forest in eastern Poland preserves a landscape largely unaffected by recent human activity. A multidisciplinary study combining airborne and surface surveys, excavations and palaeoenvironmental analysis confirms episodic human activity in the area over the past 10 000 years, providing a methodological foundation for future research and heritage conservation.

Since 2017, the Samtskhe-Javakheti Project has identified about 168 archaeological sites in the highlands of southern Georgia and conducted excavations at Meghreki Fortress and Baraleti Natsargora. These sites reveal complex occupational sequences, fortification strategies and decorative practices, highlighting the region’s role as an interactive cultural frontier between highlands and steppes.

Despite the survival of some historical records, little is known about water management in Urartu. This project focuses on the fortress of Argishtikhinili in the Araks Valley, Armenia, employing satellite imaging and remote sensing data to identify 1019km of water-management features, including a potential 134.6km of ancient canals.

Excavations at the Jizhong site in eastern China reveal the agricultural and horticultural range of the ancient Yue state, uncovering rice, gourds and fruit seeds, and the integration of proto-urban foodways with state development. This suggests that increasing dietary complexity and urban-rural integration were inherited by the subsequent Qin-Han dynasties.

The ‘Costumes of Authority’ project (2022–2024) investigated how clothing expressed secular and religious authority in Christian Nubia (ninth–fourteenth centuries). Experimental reconstruction of five representative costumes (two kings, two royal mothers, one bishop) based on iconographic and textile evidence highlights the physical impact and visual effect of these garments.

‘The Castles’ project was completed in late 2025 (https://castles.unisi.it) and its innovative, multidisciplinary approach is revealing a revised chronological and typological sequence for the phenomenon of incastellamento in Italy. The results show an earlier appearance of large stone structures and a much later appearance of fortified stone-built villages around seigneurial centres than previously thought.

This study investigates Escuadrón 41, a former colonial battery turned detention and torture centre, to examine the material and mnemonic afterlives of state violence in Cuba. Through excavation, archival research and oral histories, it reveals how ruins, memory and erasure intersect, positioning archaeology as critical engagement with difficult pasts.

Excavations on Letná Hill uncovered a forgotten 1950s labour camp linked to Prague’s Stalin Monument. Preserved architecture and artefacts reveal the daily life of workers, driven less by physical violence than by ideological pressure and social consequences, shedding new light on forced labour and material culture in communist Czechoslovakia.